1. Essential Mineral Elements
1.1 Macronutrients
1.1.1 Nitrogen
Mobile Caution NH4+, oxyanion NO3-
Aquatic Plants Prefer Leaf Uptake of Ammonium
Aquatic Plants Prefer Ammonium over Nitrates
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
A relationship exists between (N and P 3:1) and (N and K)
The uptake of nitrate stimulates the uptake of the cations
Chloride and hydroxyl anions restrict nitrate uptake.
Deficiency Symptoms
Entire plant turns yellow green. Leaves uniform (including veins) light green to yellow with the older leaves affected first and more yellowish than younger.
Recovery of deficient plants to applied nitrogen is immediate (days) and spectacular.
Deficiency shows first in old leaves.
Excess Symptoms
Dark green lanky, succulent foliage, weak plants.
1.1.2 Phosphorus
Mobile anion (-1) or (-2) H2PO4 (-1) or HPO4 (-2) dependent upon pH
Plants Prefer Root Uptake of Phosphorus
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
Relationship between N and P (3:1) and P and the micronutrients Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn .P and Zn (200:1) is considered critical.
Deficiency Symptoms
Slow growing weak and stunted plants. Colour may be dark green with older leaves in some cases showing a purple pigmentation.
Deficiency shows first in old leaves.
Excess Symptoms
Fe or Zn deficiency
1.1.3 Potassium
Plants Prefer Shoot Uptake of Potassium
Very mobile anion, H2PO4 (-1)
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
High K will first cause a Mg Deficiency
Higher K may produce a Ca deficiency
Deficiency Symptoms
K is very mobile and signs first appear in older leaves, this can turn uniform yellow before they die. Pinholes appear in them and slowly enlarge. The new leaves are reduced in size and leaf area, looking a bit 'singed'. As symptoms advance lower leaves can bend downwards.
Chlorosis is irreversible in potassium deficiency
Deficiency shows first in old leaves.
Excess Symptoms
High imbalance of K will cause first Mg then Ca deficiency.
Reaction with Fe production of Iron Phosphate, precipitation of iron causing iron deficiency
1.1.4 Calcium
Plants Prefer ...
Imobile Cation Ca2+
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
Ca levels should be higher than K or Mg.
Deficiency Symptoms
Distorted leaf growth twisted, bent, maybe cupped leaves. White streaks or white edges in new growth.In extreme cases leaves can grow completely white.
Immobile, hence the symptoms occur at growing terminals.
Excess Symptoms
Excess Ca causes Mg or K deficiency problems.
1.1.5 Sulfur
Plants Prefer ...
Mobile anion (-2) SO4 (-2)
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
Low sulphur reduces N uptake
High sulphur causes Fe, Mo and B to be low.
Deficiency Symptoms
Similar to nitrogen deficiency. Younger leaves show a more pronounced yellowing than older.
Excess Symptoms
Premature aging and dying off of leaves
1.1.6 Magnesium
Plants Prefer ...
Mobile Cation
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
Mg levels must be in balance with the other cations K and Ca.
Deficiency can be induced by High Ca, K or ammonium.
Deficiency Symptoms
Symptoms are seen first in old leaves. As the deficiency increases yellowing of the leaves or interveinal chlorosis of new leaves become obvious. Necrosis or leaves dying is possible in severe cases. A raised puckered surface can be seen in the interveinal areas in the intermediate stage between chlorotic to necrotic tissue, with the top of the puckers progressively going from chlorotic to necrotic tissue.
Excess Symptoms
No specific symptoms of excess. Mg can interferer with other cation uptake and may reduce growth rate.
1.2 Micronutrients
1.2.1 Copper
Plants Prefer ...
Untitled
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
High copper interferes with iron and molybdenum.
An iron deficiency can results from high copper.
Deficiency Symptoms
Stunted growth with a distortion of younger leaves. Light overall chlorosis of younger leaves. matured leaves show netted, green veining with areas bleaching to a whitish gray. Some leaves develop sunken necrotic spots and have a tendency to bend downward.
Excess Symptoms
Cause iron deficiency with chlorosis. Root development is inhibited.
1.2.2 Boron
Plants Prefer ...
Untitled
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
A high content of calcium in a plant creates a high requirement for boron.
A high content potassium plant accentuates the deficiency symptoms of a plant low in Boron .
Deficiency Symptoms
Causes stunted growth with a distortion of younger leaves. Boron deficiency results in necrosis of meristematic tissues in the growing region similar to those caused by calcium deficiency. In plants in which boron is readily transported in the phloem, the deficiency symptoms localize in the mature tissues, similar to those of nitrogen and potassium.
Excess Symptoms
Cause iron deficiency with chlorosis. Root development is inhibited.
1.2.3 Manganese
Plants Prefer ...
Untitled
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
Not known to interfere with the metabolism or uptake of other nutrients.
Deficiency Symptoms
Reduced or stunted growth with dicots showing interveinal chlorosis of the younger leaves (early stages of the chlorosis induced by manganese deficiency are somewhat similar to iron deficiency). (Grey speck on lower leaves and necrotic marsh spot in legume cotyledons describe the Mn deficiency.
Excess Symptoms
Old leaves may show necrotic brown spots surrounded by chlorosis.
1.2.4 Molybdenum
Role
Deficiency Symptoms
Initial symptoms of molybdenum deficiency are in fact those of nitrogen deficiency cause nitrogen is not reduced. In many plants there is an upward cupping of the leaves and mottled spots developing into large interveinal chlorotic areas under severe deficiency.
1.2.5 Zinc
Plants Prefer ...
Untitled
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
A very high Zn may interfere with Fe uptake and produce Fe deficiency symptoms in Fe sensitive plants.
High P levels are thought to interfere with Zn uptake.
Deficiency Symptoms
Zn deficiency appears first in young leaves as a paleness in the interveinal areas. This produces a banding appearance. In severe cases, Growth is stunted and leaves dye and fall from the plant.
Excess Symptoms
May cause Fe deficiency in Fe sensitive plants
1.2.6 Iron
Plants Prefer ...
Untitled
Role
Content in dried sample
Interactions
High plant P levels decrease the solubility of Fe.
Potassium increases the mobility and solubility of Fe.
N accentuates the Fe deficiency due to increased growth rates.
Bicarbonate interferes with Fe translocation.
Deficiency Symptoms
Interveinal chlorosis of younger leaves is the typical septum of Fe deficiency.
As the deficiency increases the older leaves become affected.
Excess Symptoms
Iron may accumulate to several hundred ppm without toxicity symptoms
Toxicity produces a bronzing of the leaf.
1.2.7 Chloride
Mobile anion
Role
Deficiency Symptoms
Chlorine deficiency are chlorosis and wilting of the young leaves. The chlorosis occurs on smooth flat depressions in the interveinal area of the leaf blade. In more advanced cases there often appears a characteristic bronzing on the upper side of the mature leaves.
1.2.8 Nickel
2. Essential Nonmineral Elements
2.1 Hydrogen
2.2 Oxygen
2.3 Carbon
3. Beneficial Elements
3.1 Sodium
3.2 Cobalt
3.3 Silicon
3.4 Selenium
3.5 Cobalt
3.6 Aluminium
3.7 Platinum
3.8 Vandium
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Plant Nutrients
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